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Chapter One - Pitch
The tones created by musical instruments are a wonderful example of the workings of the laws of acoustic physics and the sounds can be discussed in scientific terms. However, this book will not discuss music in terms of Hertz and Waveforms, but instead mostly use the terms traditionally used in the discussion of music theory. The one exception will occur here with this extremely brief discussion of the tuning standard used in Western music; A - 440:
The term "pitch" is used in music to describe the aspect of music that is high or low (i.e. A singer can sing a high note or a low note) This should not be confused with loud or soft but instead is a description of a high pitch (like a child's voice) or a low pitch (like a man with a deep voice)
The scientific measurement of a note's "Pitch" is called its Frequency. Frequency is measured in units called Hertz (Hz). Hertz is a measurement of the number of cycles of the waveform that will occur with the time period of one second. (Cycles per second) = hertz.
A-440 hz is the standard tuning note for Western Culture. In other words the tone "A" (vibrating at 440 cycles per second) is the tuning reference from which all the instruments are tuned.
As mentioned above, in the field of music, the terminology used amongst musicians is different from the scientific community. Musicians usually refer to the letter name of the pitch and less often to the frequency
Music terminology used for describing pitch is the first seven letters of the alphabet.
A B C D E F G
This alphabetical arrangement of the note names creates the A natural minor scale commonly used in music.
Many of the examples used throughout music focus on the note "C". Because of this fact it is sometimes useful to think of the music alphabet as being arranged as follows:
C D E F G A B
That arrangement of the note names creates a common scale called the C major scale.
The complete cycle of letter names comprises one register of sound called an Octave. The letter names are reused in higher registers of pitch so that each octave contains the same number of possible notes.
Additional terms: Sharp ( # ) Flat ( b ) Natural ( n ) Octave
The full range of pitches is divided into different registers named OCTAVES. (Two notes that are one octave apart have the same letter name, however the frequency of the higher note is twice that of the lower note) Each octave is comprised of the complete musical alphabet. There are many different notes named "A", each in a different Octave register. One of them is A-440, the tuning reference tone. (Other "lower A's" are A-220, A-110 and so on, other "higher A's" are A-880, A-1760, and so on.) The tuning standard A-440 tone is also referred to as "A4" (in octave identification numbers, explained later), or "A above middle C" (on the piano).
Each note on an instrument has a letter name (actually each note has more than one letter name)
The note A-440 is shown below for the keyboard and guitar instruments
Keyboard landmarks
A-440 is the first A note above middle C on the piano. The diagram below shows A-440 in relation to middle C.
Guitar landmarks
note: The guitar sounds one octave lower than it is written. Because of this fact, the notation of the above note will appear to be one octave higher than the corresponding note on the piano.
Western music uses a graphic notation system consisting of a 5 lined STAFF. Noteheads are placed on the line or space positions of the staff.
At the beginning of a piece of music notation a CLEF is placed upon the staff . The purpose of the clef is to assign a specific letter name to the different line and space positions of the staff.
Two Clefs used are the TREBLE CLEF and BASS CLEF
Each clef assigns different letters to the staff positions. (i.e. The bottom line in treble clef is "E" and the bottom line in bass clef is "G".)
Treble Clef (G clef)
The treble clef is drawn similar to a backwards "S". The scroll part of the "S" is spiralling towards the second line which is defined as the musical letter "G". Because of the physical feature the treble clef is sometimes referred to as the "G" clef. Once the second line is defined as G then all of the other line and space positions are defined using an alphabetical sequence.
| G (space above the staff) | |
| E (top space) | F (top line) |
| C (third space) | D (fourth line) |
| A (second space) | B (middle line) |
| F ( first space) | G (second line) |
| D (space below the staff | E ( bottom line) |
Use the following phrases to memorize the positions of the treble clef:
(LINES from bottom to top) Every Good Boy Does Fine (E G B D F)
Alternate Mnemonics: Empty Garbage Before Dad Flips
Elvis Goes Boogeying Down Freeways
The letter name of the spaces from bottom to top spell FACE.
Bass clef (F clef)
The Bass clef is drawn similar to a backwards "C" with two dots above and below the fourth line of the staff. The fourth line of the Bass clef is defined as the musical letter "F". The Bass clef is sometimes referred to as the "F" clef. Once the fourth line is defined as F then the other line and space locations are defined using an alphabetical sequence; F (space below the staff), G (bottom line), A (first space), B (second line), C (second space), D (third line), E (third space), F (fourth line), G (fourth space), A (top line), B (space above the staff).
Use the following phrases to memorize the positions of the bass clef:
(lines from bottom to top) Good Boys Do Fine Always (G B D F A)
(spaces from bottom to top) All Cows Eat Grass ( A C E G )
Create other memory aids for the lines and spaces of the treble and bass clefs.
The Treble Clef Staff and the Bass Clef Staff are often used together to create the Great or Grand Staff. Notes in the treble clef are in a higher octave than the notes of the bass clef, therefore the Treble Clef Staff is placed above the Bass Clef Staff.
Many instruments have a range that exceeds the range of the Grand staff. The range of the staff can be extended with the use of ledger lines. Ledger lines are added to create additional lines or spaces, either above or below a staff. As an example, in treble clef, the space above the staff is G, the first ledger line above the staff is A, the space above the first ledger line is B, the second ledger line is C, the space above the second ledger line is D, and so on.
Notes on ledger lines (and spaces) above the staff in treble clef
Notes on ledger lines (and spaces) below the staff in treble clef
Notes on ledger lines (and spaces) below the staff in bass clef
Notes on ledger lines (and spaces) above the staff in bass clef
The note in treble clef, one ledger line below the staff, is the same note as the note in bass clef, one ledger line above the staff. That note is called "Middle C" because it is in the middle of the treble and bass clefs (and it is approximately in the middle of the standard keyboard). When middle C is used in a phrase that includes notes in the treble clef then the ledger line is placed closer to the treble clef staff. Likewise, when the note is part of a phrase in the bass clef staff then the ledger line will be closer to the bass clef staff. Middle C is shown below in both Bass and Treble clefs. The specific musical situation will usually dictate which of the two is more appropriate.
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